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MANILA, Philippines—While confidential and intelligence funds (CIF) are “shrouded in mystery,” some government agencies, even those that are not responsible for national security or law enforcement are still receiving billions of pesos worth of such funds.
Back in 2021, the Office of the President (OP), which was still led then by President Rodrigo Duterte, was given P4.5 billion in CIF, all of which were spent on confidential and intelligence expenses.
The Commission on Audit (COA) had said the OP accounted for 49.55 percent of the P9.082 billion in total CIF spending last year. It was slightly lower than the P4.636 billion that the office spent in 2020.
A total of P1.9 billion was likewise spent by the Department of National Defense (DND), while the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) spent P908.4 million for confidential and intelligence expenses.
The Department of Justice (DOJ), Department of Finance (DOF), Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA), and the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) spent P258.2 million, P60.6 million, P31.8 million, and P20 million, respectively.
Likewise, the Department of Transportation (DOTr) and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) spent P16.8 million and P15 million on confidential and intelligence expenses in 2021.
But last month, Albay Rep. Edcel Lagman said the problem is that the use of CIF is “shrouded in mystery and the supposed audit by the COA could not be disclosed to the Congress and the public.”
READ: Minority calls out huge confidential funds in 2023 budget
Lagman, who is now president of the Liberal Party, stressed that because of this, CIF “breed[s] corruption, and the more enormous the funds are, the greater the magnitude is for the possibility of graft.”
GRAPHIC: Ed Lustan
This was the reason that this year, he and some opposition lawmakers, like Senate Minority Leader Aquilino Pimentel III and Sen. Risa Hontiveros had been calling on Congress to scrap the excessive CIF in the P5.268 trillion proposed 2023 budget.
READ: Purge 2023 budget of intelligence funds – Lagman
Lagman said the government asked for P9.2 billion in CIF for next year, including the P4.5 billion and P500 million allocated to the OP and the Office of the Vice President (OVP).
The Department of Education (DepEd), which is likewise headed by Vice President Sara Duterte, was set to receive P150 million in CIF, as reflected in the National Expenditure Program (NEP) for next year.
As stressed by Pimentel, they hoped colleagues would vote against the CIF of agencies that are not responsible for national security or law enforcement, saying that there is “mounting public pressure” against these.
READ: Public must join outrage over intel funds – Pimentel
But the OVP explained that its CIF would be according to parameters set by the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) and the COA through Joint Circular No. 2015-01, or the guidelines on the use of CIF.
Likewise, the DepEd said confidential expenses are allowed for all civilian agencies: “The threats to the learning environment, safety, and security of DepEd personnel are interlocking with the mandate of support to the national security of civilian offices.”
As reflected in the NEP, the DENR has P13.95 million in proposed confidential funds, while the DOF, DFA, DILG, DOJ, DSWD, and the Office of the Ombudsman have P1 million, P50 million, P100.6 million, P168.04 million, P20 million, and P51.47 million.
GRAPHIC: Ed Lustan
The Office of the Solicitor General, National Bureau of Investigation, Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA), and the National Security Council have P19.2 million, P175 million, P500 million, and P90 million in confidential funds, respectively.
RELATED STORY: OSG: Confidential funds will help us fulfill mandate
The Philippine National Police (PNP) has P806 million in proposed intelligence funds, while the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA) has P1 million and P140.2 million in proposed CIF.
A total of P47 million in CIF was also proposed for the DND, while the Philippine Army, Philippine Air Force, Philippine Navy, and the General Headquarters of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), have over P1.5 billion in proposed intelligence funds.
‘We listened’
But as the Senate approved on final reading the P5.268 trillion proposed 2023 budget, some of the confidential funds had been slashed, with Sen. Sonny Angara, who sponsored the bill, saying that “we listened.”
As a result, a total of P172.2 million in CIF had been realigned to maintenance and other operating expenses (MOOE) of the government agencies whose funds had been cut: “We listened to the thoughts of our colleagues on critical issues.”
Angara said most of the P172.2 million came from the P150 million in proposed confidential funds of the DepEd as Sen. Risa Hontiveros moved to have P120 million realigned to the Healthy Learners Institution Program.
READ: P172 million confidential, intel funds realigned
The rest of the agencies whose confidential funds had been slashed and realigned were the DFA (P5 million), DOJ (19.2 million), DSWD (P2 million), Office of the Ombudsman (P20 million), and the rest of the executive offices with such funds (P6 million).
“All [realignment are] within the agency because we did not want to deprive the agencies of their budgets but placed [them] under maintenance and other operating expenses,” Angara said.
Initially, the DepEd’s P100 million in confidential funds was supposed to be realigned to the OVP’s MOOE, but Hontiveros moved to transfer it back to the DepEd. Her motion was accepted by Angara.
Then she asked to realign the remaining P50 million to support the Healthy Learners Institution Program, but Angara compromised and said P20 million will be realigned to the program, leaving the DepEd with only P30 million in confidential funds.
Hontiveros and Pimentel also moved to require the DepEd and the rest of the agencies with confidential funds to prepare and submit a work plan on their use of the funds to the House of Representatives and the Senate.
Congress on a ‘slippery slope’
But is P172.2 million in cuts enough?
Terry Ridon, a public investment analyst, told INQUIRER.net that “to be clear, these cuts are no more than a quarter measure to appease public sentiment on confidential and intelligence funds.”
“This even puts the legislature on a slippery slope: If it can cut some portions of CIF in agencies that never had these funds in the first place, what stops them from removing all of it?” he said.
Ridon, who is likewise the convenor of InfraWatch PH, stressed that “it would have been best to have converted the entirety of CIF to specific line-items in agencies that truly needed more funding such as social services, housing, education, or infrastructure.”
“Converting CIF to MOOE maintains the funds’ status as an agency kitty but with more accountability than CIF. Given our limited fiscal space, agencies that need more funding to expand their services and mandates should have received this reallocation.”
As stated in Joint Circular No. 2015-01, “to strengthen accountability,” all heads of office of government agencies, local government units and government-owned and controlled corporations (GOCCs), which receive and spend CIF, shall submit Quarterly Accomplishment Reports.
GRAPHIC: Ed Lustan
“With due regard for the protection from unauthorized disclosure of classified information relating to sensitive, confidential and intelligence matters, these procedures shall be observed”:
- The head of office shall classify the information reflected on the required status reports on CIF as “confidential.”
- The security officer designated by the head of office to handle the intelligence report, and was issued security clearance to have access to such classified information, shall submit the accomplishment report.
The circular likewise stated that agencies are mandated to prepare a physical and financial plan supporting their request for CIF, containing the estimated amount per project, activity and program.
But as stressed by Antonio Montalvan II, a social anthropologist and university professor, in a column for Vera Files, “COA cannot audit the final report because no liquidation is required.”
“It merely accepts a general report of how the money was used. It cannot release that report to the public because of its ‘confidential’ nature,” he said, stressing that “there is no oversight.”
Confidential, intelligence funds
As stated in Joint Circular No. 2015-01, confidential and intelligence funds are lump sum amounts provided in the General Appropriations Act (GAA) for these—confidential and intelligence expenses.
Confidential expenses are those that are related to surveillance activities in civilian government agencies that are intended to support the mandate or operations of the agency.
Intelligence expenses, meanwhile, are those that are related to intelligence information gathering activities of uniformed and military personnel, and Intelligence Practitioners (IPs) that have direct impact on national security.
GRAPHIC: Ed Lustan
These IPs are individuals that belong to the DND, Government Arsenal, AFP, PNP, Philippine Coast Guard, NICA, PDEA, and national government agencies which are expressly provided budget allocation for intelligence funds.
The circular stated that national government agencies can get both confidential and intelligence funds, while local government units and GOCCs can only get confidential funds.
Confidential funds shall be used only for the following “Confidential Expenses”:
- Purchase of information necessary for the formulation and implementation of program, activities and projects relevant to national security and peace and order
- Rental of transport vehicle related to confidential activities
- Rentals and the incidental expenses related to the maintenance of safe houses
- Purchase of rental of supplies, materials and equipment for confidential operations that cannot be done through regular procedures without compromising the information gathering activity concerned
- Payment of rewards to informers (non-employee of concerned government agency) subject to conditions
- Uncover/prevent illegal activities that pose a clear and present danger to agency personnel/property, or other facilities and resources under the agency protection, done in coordination with the appropriate law enforcement agencies
- Others that may be authorized by the GAA or other special law/s
Intelligence funds, meanwhile, shall be used only on the following “Intelligence Expenses” carried out by uniformed and military personnel, and IPs:
- Intelligence and counterintelligence activities that have direct impact on national security
- Special projects and case operation plans as approved by the head of office involving covert or semi-covert psychological, internal security operation, and peace and order activities, as well as program/projects/campaigns against lawlessness and lawless elements involving intelligence activities.
The circular stated that in no case shall CIF be used for these:
- Salaries, wages, overtime, additional compensation, allowance or other fringe benefits of officials and employees who are employed by the government in whatever capacity or elected officials, except when authorized by law
- Representation, consultancy fees or entertainment expenses
- Construction or acquisition of buildings or housing structures
As stressed by Ridon, “we have no objections that agencies in the security sector may require CIF, and certainly the Office of the President may require some levels of CIF.”
“But the original sin of a bloated CIF in the bureaucracy started under former President Rodrigo Duterte, as the OP’s CIF more than tripled compared to the CIF in the last year of former President Benigno Aquino III.”
“These funds could have been better used in very specific appropriations in various agencies focused on uplifting marginalized families,” he said.