In Colombia, a seed bank unlocks genetic secrets in climate fight
A woman plants some seeds as part of a tree plantation project to reforest the Sahel in Malamawa village, Zinder Region, Niger on July 30, 2019. AFP FILE PHOTO
CALI, Colombia — Colombian agronomist Javier Gereda gestures proudly towards the sturdy bean plant and bright green seedlings he has spent the past seven years nurturing back from agricultural oblivion.
“This is my son and his siblings,” he said with a smile, standing beside a row of high-tech fridges at a world-renowned seed bank that is using genetics to help farmers adapt to climate change and shock-proof global food systems.
“This is the only species of this bean that exists outside of its original habitat of Costa Rica, where it disappeared years ago,” Gereda said. “We’re the only source of extinct species like this.”
The seed from which Gereda grew his plants was stored in the world’s largest genetic library for beans, cassava and tropical forages, collected and preserved since the 1970s, according to the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).
Set amid sugarcane fields near the southwestern Colombian city of Cali, the Future Seeds gene bank is run by CGIAR’s Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT).
Rising demand for food due to a growing population and falling crop output caused by soil degradation and hotter, more extreme weather mean researchers must breed more resilient crop varieties, experts say.
Stored in rows of steel shelves lined with glass test tubes and dried in airtight packets in a huge fridge chilled at minus 20 degrees Celsius (minus 4 degrees Fahrenheit), the bank houses a collection of 67,000 samples.
“It’s an insurance for the future,” scientist Joe Tohme, a geneticist who heads the Alliance’s research on crops for nutrition and health, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
A new facility housing the collection has received about $17.2 million in funding so far, including from the Colombian government, and an additional $17 million donation from The Bezos Earth Fund, created by Amazon founder Jeff Bezos.
Food supply pressures
The world used to cultivate more than 6,000 different plants but about 75% of crop diversity has been lost in the last century and U.N. experts say we now get about 40% of our calories from three main crops – maize, wheat and rice.
That means food supplies are vulnerable if climate change or war causes harvests to fail. The conflict in Ukraine has highlighted the fragility of food supply chains, which when interrupted can cause rising prices and fuel hunger.
But the seed bank holds genetic secrets that could help farmers adapt to rising temperatures and drier or wetter conditions by planting more resistant, nutritious and higher-yielding crops as a way to tackle hunger and malnutrition.
One in nine people do not have enough food today, while the world population is expected to reach 9.8 billion by 2050.
With biodiversity loss increasing globally due to urban development, population growth and deforestation, preserving plant species to stop them disappearing for good is vital, experts say.
Rising temperatures have also brought new and unexpected pests and diseases that ravage crops.
“The biggest threat facing food security is climate change. It’s an existential threat,” said Tohme.
“(The seed bank) can allow us to address short and long- term problems and concerns like climate change and malnutrition and future threats,” he added.
‘Unique library’
In the seed bank’s laboratories, researchers pore over microscopes to prepare each seed for storage or research, selecting the optimal seeds and discarding any that are damaged.
“In the gene pool, we look for special traits, seeds that can survive in hot temperatures and/or with a lack of water or lots of water. We pick the best of the best,” said Luis Guillermo Santos, a CIAT bean researcher.
The bank provides free seed samples to researchers and farmers – often farming cooperatives looking to plant seeds once used by their ancestors, or more resistant varieties.
About 100 email requests from researchers and farmers are received each year for bean samples housed in the collection.
“Some farmers know the seeds they want, the same their grandfathers and those before them used. Or we can suggest which seeds to use according to their local conditions,” said Santos, adding the bank has distributed more than 500,000 seed samples to 142 countries across the world since 1973.
Over the decades, scientists using seeds from the gene bank have also developed more resistant and nutritious seeds, which is vital as the Earth’s loss of genetic diversity means crops are less resilient to disease, invasive species, pests, habitat loss and climate change, said CIAT researcher Norma Manrique.
“The bank is a way to protect biodiversity and conserve the biodiversity of crops that have already been lost in their native habitat,” Manrique said.
“These seeds are the solution,” she said. “This is a treasure. You can’t collect this again. It’s unique.”
In one success story, seeds collected decades ago from Ecuador and Colombia’s Amazon rainforest were used to produce a variety of cassava resistant to brown streak, a disease prevalent in parts of Africa that reduces harvests of the staple.
In another, bean varieties with higher zinc and iron levels have been identified, helping tackle malnutrition and hunger, Tohme said.
Tech innovation
Tapping into and extracting the information held in the seeds involves DNA extraction and gene sequencing – a process that deciphers and translates the genetic code of plants.
At the new Future Seeds gene bank building that will be fully operational in December, scientists are leveraging genomics – the study of genetic material – and integrating this with big data technology to develop more resilient crops.
Using artificial intelligence (AI) helps scientists speed up crop analysis, making it quicker to breed new varieties of plants capable of coping in extreme conditions.
“It’s a library that needs translation, and new technology, like AI, to mine the data is being used,” said Tohme.
Biologist Monica Carvajal, who runs the Future Seeds digital bank, said it was “like having a digital passport … a bank of knowledge to access biodiversity through data use.”
“The secret that hides in the seeds is to be discovered. You look for secrets according to your needs,” she added.
The gene bank also aims to train a new generation of scientists by forging new research partnerships with local and international universities, said Tohme.
“The challenge is to maintain the collection,” he said. “It requires a generational commitment. It needs to be maintained for eternity.”
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