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MANILA, Philippines—Following the inauguration of Vice President-elect Sara Duterte-Carpio last Sunday, the public eye is now on the oath-taking of President-elect Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr. at the end of the month.
Sara, daughter of outgoing President Rodrigo Duterte, took her oath of office in her hometown Davao City, a few days before she would have been legally vice president—and over a week ahead of her running mate.
READ: Sara Duterte’s big day peaceful, says PNP; eyes now on Bongbong Marcos’
Marcos Jr. was announced to take his oath of office as the 17th chief executive of the country at the historic National Museum of the Philippines on June 30.
“The National Museum of Philippines building and its surrounding areas match our requirements for President-elect Marcos’ inauguration. Preparations are already in full swing to ensure that it will be ready by then,” said incoming Presidential Management Staff secretary Zenaida “Naida” Angping.
“The safety and welfare of our people are paramount. As such, we chose to avoid disrupting the medical care being given to the COVID-19 patients housed there. That’s why we opted for the National Museum as the venue.”
READ: President-elect Bongbong Marcos to take oath at National Museum
As Filipinos await Marcos Jr.’s oath of office, INQUIRER.net will detail some interesting facts about past inaugurations of previous Philippine presidents.
Inauguration venue
The National Museum of Fine Arts has had its fair share of stories about presidential inaugurations.
The venue, formerly known as the National Art Gallery, has hosted the inaugurations of three previous presidents of the country: Manuel L. Quezon in 1935, Jose P. Laurel in 1943, and Manuel Roxas in 1946.
GRAPHIC Ed Lustan
In June 2016, Duterte took his oath of office in Rizal Hall, the largest room in Malacañang Palace, where special state events are usually held.
Like the National Museum of Fine Arts, the Palace has also witnessed the oath-taking of four of the country’s former presidents.
In 1948, former President Elpidio Quirino took oath as the sixth president of the Philippines at the Council of State Room at Malacañang’s Executive Building under extraordinary circumstances, following the death of Roxas.
In 1957, in the same room where Quirino was inaugurated, Vice President Carlos P. Garcia took his oath of office as he assumed the presidency through succession following the sudden death of former President Ramon Magsaysay.
The third president inaugurated in the Palace was the late strongman Ferdinand Marcos in 1986, marking the commencement of his fourth and final term as president.
Six years ago, Duterte was the first to break the tradition of being inaugurated at Quirino Grandstand in Rizal Park. This monumental venue has witnessed and hosted 10 historic presidential inaugurations.
READ: Duterte seen breaking traditions
Roxas started the tradition when he retook his oath on July 4, 1946, as part of the Independence Day celebration. Back then, the venue was still called the Independence Grandstand, described in the Official Gazette as “a temporary structure built in front of the Rizal Monument.”
The venue takes its name from Quirino, the second to take his oath of office there in 1948.
GRAPHIC Ed Lustan
Six presidents have followed Roxas’ lead and have decided to keep the tradition. These were:
- Magsaysay in 1953
- Garcia in 1957
- Diosdado Macapagal in 1961
- Marcos in 1965, 1969, and 1981
- Fidel V. Ramos in 1992
- Benigno “Noynoy” Aquino III in 2010
Meanwhile, former presidents Emilio Aguinaldo and Joseph Ejercito Estrada were inaugurated at the Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan, in 1899 and 1998.
Two former presidents—Quezon (for his third inauguration) and Sergio Osmeña—took their oath of office in Washington, D.C. in the United States in 1943 and 1944, respectively, under special circumstances.
During those years, the Philippines was transitioning to independent rule from the Americans.
In 1941, Quezon was sworn into office for his second term as president at the Malinta Tunnel in Corregidor.
Another historic inauguration was held at the Club Filipino, Greenhills in San Juan, when former President Corazon Aquino took her oath of office at the height of the people power revolution against Marcos.
READ: 36 years later: The key figures in Edsa People Power (Part two)
READ: Edsa People Power after 36 years: Who played key roles? (Part one)
Years later, former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was inaugurated at the EDSA Shrine in Quezon City after Estrada was forced out of office in 2001.
She was inaugurated for the second time in 2004 at the Cebu Provincial Capitol in Cebu City.
READ: IN PHOTOS: Inaugurations of past Philippine Presidents
Inaugural address
After the oath, the newly sworn-in president will deliver his inaugural speech. In most inaugural addresses, presidents thank their supporters and the public who helped them secure the top position in the government.
Also included in the speeches are the presidents’ promises and plans, which they hope to accomplish by the end of their six-year term. Some appeal to the people and encourage them to work hand in hand to achieve progress.
GRAPHIC Ed Lustan
So far, based on transcripts published on the Official Gazette’s website, Roxas holds the record for the longest inaugural speech among the previous Philippine presidents. His inaugural address consisted of 4,385 words.
Data below show how long—in terms of duration and word count—the inaugural speeches of the previous presidents were:
- Marcos: 2,057 words (1956 inaugural address); 1,172 words (1969); 2,874 words (1981); 664 words (1986)
- Aquino: 1,187 words
- Ramos: around 2,356 words, speech lasted for about 29 minutes
- Estrada: 2,202 words, speech lasted for around 31 minutes
- Arroyo: 1,066 words, speech lasted for at least 15 minutes (2001); 1,647 words, speech lasted for around 20 minutes (2004)
- Aquino: 2,057 words, speech lasted for around 22 minutes
- Duterte: 1,343 words, speech lasted for at least 15 minutes
Read Marcos’ first inauguration speech:
Read Marcos’ second inauguration speech:
Read Marcos’ third inauguration speech:
Read Marco’s fourth inauguration speech:
Read Aquino’s inauguration speech:
Read Ramos’ inauguration speech:
Read Estrada’s inauguration speech:
Read Arroyo’s first inauguration speech:
Read Arroyo’s second inauguration speech:
Read Aquino’s inauguration speech:
Read Duterte’s inauguration speech:
The Bible
Another symbolic and traditional part of the swearing-in ceremony of the country’s presidents is the Bible.
Although the Philippine Constitution does not require the Bible for the oath-taking ceremonies, as a country where most of the population is Catholic, many presidents in the past have opted to include it in their inaugural rites.
GRAPHIC Ed Lustan
During the inauguration, the president traditionally lays the left hand on a Bible as they state their oath:
“I, [name] do solemnly swear [or affirm] that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President [or Vice-President or Acting President] of the Philippines, preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God.”
In case of affirmation, Article 7 Section 5 of the 1987 Constitution stated that the last sentence would be omitted.
The tradition of including or using the Bible during swearing-in ceremonies started on December 30, 1953, when Magsaysay swore on a Bible during his inauguration at the Independence Grandstand—now Quirino Grandstand—in Manila.
The Bible used during the past presidential inaugurations also holds personal and historical significance.
In 1965, during Marcos’ first inauguration as president of the Philippines, he used two Bibles—one owned by his father, Mariano Marcos, and another given by his wife, Imelda.
During her inauguration, Aquino used a family Bible that was passed down to her by Aurora Aquino, mother of the slain Ninoy Aquino. The same Bible was used in 2010 when her son, the late President Benigno Aquino III, took his oath of office as the 15th president of the Philippines.
In 2004, Arroyo took her oath of office using the same Bible her father, Diosdado Macapagal, used when he was sworn in as president in 1961.
Another part of this specific inauguration tradition is the Bible holders.
Traditionally, presidential spouses hold the Bible during ceremonies.
When Ramos, the first non-Catholic president of the country-was sworn into office in 1992, First Lady Amelita Ramos held the Bible beside him.
In 1998, former senator Loi Ejercito Estrada held the Bible for her husband Joseph “Erap” Ejercito Estrada during his presidential inauguration.
Meanwhile, Mike Arroyo held the Bible for his wife during her oath-taking in Cebu City in 2004.
Other presidents, however, chose different personalities to hold the Bible for them during their oath-taking.
These include:
- former Bohol Gov. Juan Pajo who held the Bible for former president Garcia, a fellow Boholano, in 1957;
- Aurora Aquino held the Bible used when former president Aquino recited the presidential oath in 1986 at Club Filipino;
- Jesuit theologian Fr. Catalino Arevalo held the Bible for the younger Aquino’s oath-taking in 2010;
- Duterte’s youngest child, Kitty Duterte, held the Bible owned by her grandmother, Soledad, when her father took his oath as Philippine president in 2016.
READ: Duterte takes oath as PH’s 16th President
Adding something new
In 2010, after the younger Aquino delivered his inaugural address, representatives or members of the public were called to lead the recitation of the Panata sa Pagbabago—Pledge for Change—a pledge of the Filipino citizens to help the government in effecting change and good governance.
GRAPHIC Ed Lustan
The pledge was as follows:
“Panata sa Pagbabago
Pilipino ako.
Namamanata ako na tutulong ako sa aking pamunuan,
Sa pagtataguyod ng marangal na pamamahala,
Sa pagpapalakas ng isang lipunang makatarungan,
At sa pagpapatingkad ng ating demokrasya,
Upang guminhawa ang pinakamamahal nating bayang Pilipinas.
Gagampanan ko ang lahat ng katungkulan ng isang mabuting mamamayan
Na kasing tindi ng paghamon ko sa aking mga pinuno
Na sumunod sa landas na matuwid
Makikipag kapit-bisig ako sa aking kapwa Pilipino
Sama-sama nating babaguhin ang takbo ng kasaysayan
Upang umiran ang kagandahang loob
Ipinangangako ko ito, sa ngalan ng aking mga ninuno at mga apo
Patnubayan nawa ng Poong Maykapal ang sambayanan.”
It was said to be a response to Aquino’s inaugural speech.
This was the first time for the public to pledge allegiance during a presidential inauguration in the country.
Food served during inaugurations
Food served during or after the inauguration rites has also been highlighted in the past.
In 2016, the Duterte administration decided to have a down-to-earth approach with the menu for the luncheon after the swearing-in.
The food served during the ceremony showcased rich Filipino cuisine while keeping with the chief executive’s order to hold a modest ceremony.
GRAPHIC Ed Lustan
According to Lisette Marques, a member of the inaugural committee, only five types of food were served to over 600 individuals who were on the list of guests for Duterte’s inauguration:
- Lumpiang ubod (coconut pith spring roll)
- Pandesal (bun) with kesong puti (goat’s cheese)
- Vigan longganisa (native sausage) grilled on the spot
- Monggo (mung bean) soup with smoked fish and alugbati (malabar spinach) in demitasse cups
- Fried saba (Cardava banana) slices
- Durian tartlet
For drinks, guests were served pine-mango cooler and dalandan (native orange) juice.
Caterer Via Mare prepared the dishes on the menu while Glenda Baretto was tasked with rendering variations on classic Filipino Food.
Mongo soup was said to be one of Duterte’s favorite dishes, while durian is a Davao City specialty.
Meanwhile, in 2010, right after Aquino’s inauguration at the Quirino Grandstand, lunch was served to at least 250 guests who were at the Malacañang Palace.
According to reports, the menu consisted of Japanese food—which was said to be Aquino’s favorite cuisine.
Among the dishes served for lunch were:
- sushi and sashimi
- yakitori (grilled skewered chicken)
- tempura
- Japanese fried rice
For dinner, simple but delicious Filipino food was served to the guests, which include:
- Pandesal (bun) with grilled Laguna cheese or kesong puti (goat’s cheese)
- Vigan longganisa (native sausage)
- Pritchon (suckling pig cooked Peking duck-style)
- Halo-halo (iced concoction with leche flan, gelatin, beans, sago, nata de coco, kaong, milk, ice cream, and others)
- Guinomis (iced concoction similar to halo-halo but with fewer ingredients and topped with crispy pinipig or rice crispies)
- Pastillas