TOKYO, Japan—Japan’s parliament early Saturday approved contentious legislation that enhances the role of the country’s military by loosening post-World War II constraints, after the ruling bloc defeated opposition parties’ last-ditch effort to block a vote.
The upper house’s approval makes the legislation into law, reinterpreting Japan’s constitution and fundamentally changing the way it uses its military. Opponents say it violates Japan’s constitution and puts the country at risk of becoming embroiled in US-led wars.
The legislation has sparked sizeable protests and debate about whether Japan should shift away from its pacifist ways to face growing security challenges. Rallies have spread across the nation especially after the ruling parties approved the bills in July in the more powerful lower house.
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Japan’s military can now defend its allies even when the country isn’t under attack—for the first time since the end of the World War II—and work more closely with the US and other nations. Japan will also be able to participate more fully in international peacekeeping, compared to its previous, mostly humanitarian, missions.
“The legislation is necessary in order to protect the people’s lives and their peaceful livelihood, and it is to prevent a war,” Prime Minister Shinzo Abe told reporters after the passage of a total of 11 bills—one related to international peacekeeping and a package of 10 others designed to allow Japan’s military to defend its allies in an action called “collective self-defense.”
Dozens of constitutional scholars, lawyers and other legal experts have joined protests, saying the legislation allowing Japan to use force to settle international disputes violates its US-drafted postwar constitution that renounces a right to wage war.
China said it and other Asian neighbors are closely watching the vote because of Japan’s wartime aggression.
“We demand that Japan genuinely listen to just appeals from both at home and abroad, learning from historical lessons and adhering to the path of peaceful development,” said Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei.
Previous postwar governments had all made the notion of collective self-defense unconstitutional. But Abe’s Cabinet last year decided to allow it by unilaterally adopting a new interpretation of the constitution, instead of formally revising the charter, saying it must be adapted to today’s increasingly challenging security environment. The constitutional reinterpretation triggered public criticism that Abe’s government undermined democracy. Opponents also say the change would cause Japan to do more in the bilateral alliance with the US.
In Washington, leaders of Senate committees overseeing US defense and foreign policy welcomed the legislation’s passage, saying it would contribute to international peace and security and strengthen the US-Japan alliance.
“We welcome a larger role for Japan in regional and global security affairs and look forward to our country working with Japan to implement these new measures,” the Republican and Democratic committee leaders said in a joint statement Friday.
Even though many Japanese acknowledge growing security risks and have grown accustomed to sending peacekeepers overseas, many remain wary of a greater military role. Media surveys have consistently shown a majority of respondents oppose the legislation.
“This legislation betrays the constitutionalism, pacifism and democracy that Japan has built over the past 70 years since the end of World War II,” said Tetsuro Fukuyama, a senior lawmaker representing the main opposition Democratic Party of Japan.
Opposition lawmakers chanted “Unconstitutional!” and “Invalid!” while casting a ballot during a vote on the bills at the upper house, which came at the end of the session.
Since Thursday, opposition parties had pulled out all the stops to delay the vote. They introduced a series of no-confidence measures against government ministers and parliamentary leaders, and made filibuster speeches.
One opposition lawmaker, Taro Yamamoto, used a snail-paced “cow walk” to shuffle to the podium to vote, while others made drawn-out speeches, a variation that has become known as the “cow tongue.”
Yamamoto wore a black suit and tie with Buddhist prayer beads around his wrist, as if attending a funeral. He kept using “cow walk” tactic, ignoring repeated scolding by the house president to stop it and heckling from the ruling lawmakers criticizing him.
The maneuvers were destined to fail, but ate up hours of time requiring debate and votes on each measure.
As the drama played out in Parliament, protesters rallied outside for a fifth night in a row.
The legislation that lacks public support would face resistance in the future, said Jeff Kingston, director of Asian Studies at Temple University Japan.
“In a way you can say that this legislation lacks legitimacy in the eyes of the people,” he said. “It’s going to be very controversial to actually invoke this legislation to justify dispatch of troops that obviously most people don’t want. That probably has electoral consequences.”