The coco levy was a tax imposed by then President Ferdinand Marcos on the produce of coconut farmers between 1972 and 1982, supposedly to develop the coconut industry.
Republic Act No. 6260, or the Coconut Investment Act, which was enacted on June 19, 1971, authorized the collection of the tax. The law stated that a farmer must pay 55 centavos per 100 kilos of copra or equivalent product and for every 55 centavos, 50 centavos shall be set aside for the Coconut Investment Fund. The remaining 5 centavos would be allocated to the Philippine Coconut Administration and the Philippine Coconut Producers Federation.
The Coconut Consumers Stabilization Fund levy was imposed from August 1973 to May 1980 under Marcos’ Presidential Decree No. 276, which was signed on Aug. 20, 1973. The decree stated that there should be a P15 levy for every 100 kilograms of copra “for the benefit of coconut farmers.” Marcos later amended the decree in 1974, through PD 414, which increased the levy to P100 per 100 kg of copra.
On May 22, 1980, the Coconut Consumers Stabilization Fund was suspended through PD 1699, due to strong public criticism but a levy on exportable coconut products was imposed through the Coconut Industry Development Project Fund from June 17, 1980, to Sept. 9, 1981.
Meanwhile, the Coconut Industry Stabilization Fund was imposed from October 1981 to August 1982, restoring the coco levy that was suspended in 1980.
In 1975, Marcos authorized the Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA), the agency tasked with developing the coconut industry and whose board included businessman Eduardo Cojuangco, to use the funds to buy a bank “for the benefit of the farmers.”
The bank was First United Bank, later renamed United Coconut Planters Bank (UCPB). Cojuangco became its president and chief executive officer.
With the PCA and UCPB in their control, Cojuangco and his associates were able to buy firms and mills placed under the Coconut Industry Investment Fund (CIIF), a group of 14 holding companies whose assets included 47 percent of San Miguel Corp. (SMC). These assets were held by UCPB, the CIIF administrator.
The Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG) sequestered the SMC shares and other assets held by UCPB on the ground that these were illegally acquired by the dummies of Marcos using funds from the tax imposed on coconut farmers.
In December 2001, the Supreme Court declared the coco levy funds “prima facie (apparently) public funds,” but left the Sandiganbayan to determine the owner of the assets acquired with the funds.
In May 2004, the Sandiganbayan awarded the 27-percent block of SMC shares to the government, which holds it in trust for the country’s coconut farmers.
The Supreme Court ruled in 2012 that the 24-percent block (originally 27 percent but diluted and reduced because of SMC’s expansion) belonged to the government in trust for the country’s coconut farmers.
In 2012, the PCGG recovered P71.6 billion from the SMC shares, including dividends and accrued interest, which the government claimed were acquired with coconut levy funds.
In October this year, government lawyers asked the Supreme Court to issue an entry of judgment on its 2012 decision on the SMC shares.
“If granted, the government’s motion will translate decades of litigation into public funds amounting to around P60 billion that can be used to support the country’s coconut farmers and their industry,” Solicitor General Florin Hilbay said in the motion.
Two weeks ago, President Aquino assured coconut farmers of government support and said that he would look into a proposal for an executive order putting up a Coconut Farmers’ Trust Fund.
“I hope it’s clear: You have our full support and we are on your side,” he told coconut farmers, who marched from Davao City to Malacañang in 66 days to dramatize their plight.–Inquirer Research
Sources: Inquirer Archives, gov.ph, Long and Tortuous Road to Coconut Levy Recovery by Romeo Royandoyan, lawphil.net