In this Nov. 18, 2013 file photo, Secretary of State John Kerry speaks at the Organization of American States (OAS) in Washington. Kerry says the U.S. and Afghanistan have reached an agreement on the final language of a bilateral security agreement. The agreement will govern the presence of U.S. forces in Afghanistan after the NATO combat mission ends next year. Kerry said Wednesday that he had spoken with Afghan President Hamid Karzai earlier in the day. The proposed agreement will be placed before a gathering of Afghan elders on Thursday. AP
WASHINGTON—The United States and Afghanistan have agreed on the language of a bilateral security pact that could clear the way for thousands of U.S. troops to train and assist Afghan forces after the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) combat mission ends in 2014.
The agreement announced Wednesday is far from complete. The document now goes to the Loya Jirga, a 3,000—member council of elders that has the right to revise or reject any clause of the draft agreement. Whatever they agree upon then goes to the Afghan parliament, which could make still more changes before the agreement is approved.
On the U.S. side, only the Obama administration needs to approve the agreement, but it could reject changes made by Afghan officials. If it does, that leaves open the option for the U.S. to pull all troops out of Afghanistan.
Such was the case in Iraq, when the U.S. and Iraq couldn’t agree on terms of a security arrangement. Sectarian violence has plagued Iraq since, and some fear Afghanistan could head down that path without a continued U.S. presence if Afghan forces cannot defend the country themselves.
Secretary of State John Kerry said the language, agreed to after about a year of tense on-again, off-again negotiations, will be reflected in the draft proposal presented Thursday to the Loya Jirga, in Kabul.
“There were some people who may have questioned or doubted whether that was going to happen. Well, it’s happening tomorrow, and it’s happening tomorrow with agreed-upon language between us,” Kerry said Wednesday during a news conference at the State Department with Australian officials and Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel.
“We have agreed on the language that would be submitted to the Loya Jirga, but they have to pass it,” Kerry said.
The agreement would give the U.S. a legal basis for having forces in Afghanistan after 2014, and also allow it to use bases across the country. It’s set to remain in force until the end of 2024 and beyond, unless terminated by mutual agreement or by either party with two years’ written notice.
While the agreement allows for a decade-long, if not longer, presence for U.S. troops, they may not be there over that period. The Obama administration has yet to specify how long U.S. troops might actually remain in Afghanistan to complete their training and support mission, and the agreement extends far past Obama’s tenure as president.
U.S. officials have not yet disclosed the number of U.S. troops they want to keep in Afghanistan after 2014. U.S. officials have said the U.S. and NATO could keep between 8,000 and 12,000 troops there. Of those, the U.S. is expected to provide no more than 8,000.
Kerry said that whatever the number, the role of the U.S. military would be “limited.”
“It is entirely train, equip and assist. There is no combat role for United States forces, and the bilateral security agreement is a way to try to clarify for Afghans and for United States military forces exactly what the rules are with respect to that ongoing relationship,” he said.
Karzai’s office posted a copy of the draft proposal on its website on Wednesday.
According to the draft posted on the website, the agreement, as expected, gives the U.S. legal jurisdiction over troops and Defense Department civilians, while contractors would be subject to the Afghan judicial process. Deep divisions in Afghanistan over legal immunity for American soldiers and contractors as well as night raids had threatened to scuttle diplomatic efforts.
The pact also provides for U.S. counterterrorism operations in coordination with the Afghans, with the goal that the Afghan forces should be in the lead. It also notes that U.S. troops will not conduct combat operations unless they are “mutually agreed” on by the U.S. and Afghans.
On the sensitive issue of U.S. troops going into Afghan homes, the agreement says that U.S. forces should not “target Afghan civilians, including in their homes, consistent with Afghan law and the United States forces’ rules of engagement.” It also says that U.S. counterterrorism operations should be conducted with “full regard for the safety and security of the Afghan people, including in their homes.”
An additional line, which was agreed to by both sides, says that “U.S. forces can only enter Afghan homes in extraordinary circumstances when the life or limb of Americans is at stake,” according to a U.S. official. The official, who said this language is the only line missing from the draft posted on the website, was not authorized to discuss the details of the document with the media and spoke on condition of anonymity.
Kerry and Karzai spoke by phone on Wednesday for the second time in two days.
On Tuesday, Karzai invited Kerry to attend the Loya Jirga. Kerry has no plans to attend, but offered the idea of providing reassurances about the U.S.—Afghan security relationship in addressing past issues, such as civilians casualties, which have been discussed many times. The State Department said that those assurances might be offered in the form of a letter or another format, but said nothing had been decided.
The deaths of Afghan civilians at the hands of U.S.—led NATO forces have been a sensitive issue in the U.S.—Afghanistan relationship, although more Afghan civilians die as a result of insurgent attacks.
Kerry emphasized that the assurances he discussed with Karzai were never going to be in the form of an apology.
“Let me be clear. President Karzai didn’t ask for an apology,” Kerry said. “There was no discussion of an apology.”
Kerry added, “he didn’t ask for it, we’re not discussing it.”
Kerry said it’s up to Karzai to convene and direct the gathering of elders and it’s up to President Barack Obama and the White House to address any issues related to any possible communication with Karzai. “So let’s see where we are, but the important thing for people to understand is there has never been a discussion of or the word apology used in our discussions whatsoever,” he said.
The Afghan president is keenly aware that previous leaders of his country historically have been punished if seen as selling out to foreign interests and wants to make sure that any U.S.—Afghan agreement is not viewed in that context.
Karzai, who cannot run for a third term, is slated to step down at the end of next year — the same time nearly all international troops are to have left the country. If the elders approve the pact, it will give Karzai the political cover he needs to sign it.