Nobel laureate Amartya Sen posed a simple question in his new book “An Uncertain Glory” Where do more than 600 million Indians defecate? asked this Cambridge and Harvard professor. “Half of all Indians have no toilet.” That triggered an international uproar.
Towering condos are redrawing India ’s skyline. But many of them lack toilets. Servants relieve themselves in byways.“It’s a combination of class, caste, gender discrimination —and shocking,” Sen writes with co-author Jean Drèze.
Hold that smirk. We also flub the smell test from lack of “loos”: Here, 26 million can’t get to a latrine, reports the World Health Organization and UN Children’s Fund. This survey is conducted every two years.
Of these 26 million, 7.4 million “openly defecate, notes UNICEF Water, Sanitation and Hygiene specialist Michael Emerson Gnilo. They’re clustered among the 20 percent poorest: in Masbate, Northern Samar to Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.
“Wrap and throw” disposed of excreta in parts of north Cebu, the late Fr. Wilhelm Flieger SVD found. “Conditions in Bantayan and Camotes were almost disastrous”. This University of San Carlos demographer authored the path-breaking study: “Cebu”. However, the latest edition of “Cebu” documents improvements.
Education Secretary Armin Luistro seeks an ideal ratio of one toilet for every 50 students. He has whittled down the backlog and estimates that 90,000 toilets have to be built this year. There are funds for them in DepEd’s P55.9 billion budget.
“The Need for Impatience” is the title of the last chapter in Sen’s book. It zeroes on the vast Indian middle classes. Like Filipino counterparts, “many seem indifferent to wretched lives of neighbors”.
This is “unaimed opulence” and it morphs into “the absurd paradox of people having mobile phones but no toilets” That includes us, right? Filipinos hefted 106,987,098 cell phones in 2011. But the number, who crap behind bushes, bolted by 12 percent in just a decade.
“An Uncertain Glory” jabs at India’s amour-propre, It stacks Delhi ’s track record against that of China, then jacks up pressure by tracking south Asian neighbors. “Bangladesh is much poorer than India”. But 56 out of every 100 Bangladeshis “increased access to improved sanitation”. It is 34 for Indians.
China invested in massive expansion of education and health care in the 70s. “Under-5 Mortality Rate” for China nosedived to 15 while it remains 61 for India . It slowed down to 25 for the Philippines — far below the 15 Sri Lanka achieved, says “State of the World’s Children 2013”.
Economic growth makes no sense, if the generated wealth is monopolized. What does it profit a development model that undergrids luxury shopping malls but inflicts misery on millions from lack of basic sanitation?
“Huge social investments proved critical to sustaining China’s impressive economic growth,” the book argues. “Without comparable foundations, India’s much lauded economic growth is faltering.”
Here, the Aquino administration earmarked a 42 percent increase in the Conditional Cash Transfer Program for 2014 to serve the poorest. This allocates P62.6 billion – up from P44 billion last year – that will help 4.3 million of the country’s poorest families.
Under CCT, these families get P1,200 a month—P300 per child for a maximum of three children plus P300 for the mother. In return, families commit to keep children in schools and, with their mothers, regularly get public health center checkups. President Aquino managed, so far, to beat off scavengers from gorging on this resource
What underpins once-basket-case Bangladesh’s surge? Among other moves, Dhaka blended government policy and work of non-governmental organizations. Bangladesh’s low-interest rate Grameen Bank and BRAC reach out to the neediest.
BRAC is the world’s largest NGO. Established by Sir Fazle Hasan Abed in 1972, BRAC organizes the isolated poor, especially women. They’re helped to increase access to resources and support projects, from a dairy to a chain of retail handicraft stores. The organization is 70-80 percent self-funded.
“As a result, there has been as a dramatic fall in fertility rate. And girls now outnumber boys in education,” Sen notes. “All this has been achieved despite Bangladesh having half the per capita income of India ”.
Here, a bogus NGO — JLN Corporation, fleeced willing senators of their pork barrel: Bong Revilla, Juan Ponce Enrile, Jinggoy Estrada, Ferdinand Marcos Jr. and Gringo Honasan. All 20 NGO conduits for JLN were fraudulent.
After the book’s torrent of facts and figures should one despair? No, say the authors. Indian states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh provide examples of how social investments reaped dividends in economic growth.
What holds countries back often is not the lack of resources. The hardest chains to shatter are lack of clear-sighted, long-term policies and the political will to implement them. Yet, the muddled consciences of the crucial middle classes can be stirred to usher in reform.
Sen, however, admits to “intellectual wonder”: Why don’t more people see that economic growth, without investment in human development, is unsustainable – and unethical.
The only photograph in Sen’s Cambridge study is that of the poet Rabindranath Tagoe with flowing white beard. “Tagore was too patient” Sen says. Kazi Nazrul Islam, Bengal’s other great poet was the rebel urging action who wrote: “Patience is a minor form of despair, disguised as a virtue.”