IMAGE Jerome Cristobal
MANILA, Philippines—As the world population reached eight billion this month, age-old questions are being raised again—“Is there enough food to feed everyone?”, “Will more people lead to famine?”
Last Nov. 15, several births had been considered as yielding the eighth billionth person in the world, but in the Philippines, it was a baby girl—Vinice—who was born at the Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Medical Center in Manila.
READ: Symbolic ‘eight billionth person’ in the world born in Manila
“The milestone is an occasion to celebrate diversity and advancements while considering humanity’s shared responsibility for the planet,” said United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Antonio Guterres in a statement.
Reaching 8 billion people, according to the UN, is a result of longer lifespans, reductions in poverty, and declining maternal and childhood mortality.
READ: Humanity hits 8 billion mark
Latest UN projections suggested that the global population could further grow to 8.5 to 9 billion in 2030 and 9.7 billion in 2050. It is then expected to reach a peak of 10.4 billion people in the 2080s until 2100.
GRAPHIC Ed Lustan
Asking if there’s enough food to feed everyone or how is reasonable, according to the UN Environment Programme (UNEP).
The answers, however, go beyond counting the number of people and empty plates.
Does population growth lead to increased hunger?
According to the UN, whenever people hear of hunger, many are quick to point fingers at the growing human population.
In a now-deleted blog, British environmentalist Sir Jonathan Porritt claimed that famines—such as that in Somalia last 2011, which killed roughly 250,000 people—are ultimately caused by overpopulation.
“It’s no good blaming climate change or food shortages or political corruption,” said Porritt in the blog.
“Sorry to be neo-Malthusian about it, but continuing population growth in this region makes periodic famine unavoidable,” he had written.
“Many of the children saved by the money raised over the next few weeks will inevitably be back again in similar feeding centres with their own children in a few years time,” Porritt wrote.
GRAPHIC Ed Lustan
The University of Oxford’s Our World in Data said it is not uncommon to see arguments similar to the one raised by Porritt.
“There is something compelling about this logic: a finite land area, with a limited ‘carrying capacity’, cannot continue to feed a growing population indefinitely,” said Joe Hasell, a researcher at Our World in Data and a PhD candidate at the University of Oxford.
This kind of perspective, Hasell noted, is commonly associated with English political economist Thomas Robert Malthus, who was best known for his assertion that “population growth will always tend to outrun the food supply,” leading to starvation.
However, looking at the history of famine mortality, Hasell argued that:
- contrary to Malthus’ prediction, food supply per person has increased in all regions as the population grew
- as the global population grew, famines have become less frequent
- “in the modern era, the occurrence of major famine mortality, and its prevention, is something for which politics and policy seem the more salient triggers.”
In response to the question, “Does population growth increase hunger?”, Hasell suggested looking at the experiences of individual countries and instead answer the question “Do these countries find it harder to adequately feed their population?”
To answer it, Hasell compared countries’ Global Hunger Index (GHI)—a composite measure, out of 100, that combines four indicators like undernourishment, child wasting, child stunting, and child mortality—between 1992 and 2017 with their population growth rates.
The Oxford researcher found that among countries with available GHI data between 1992 and 2017, those with higher levels of hunger also tended to have had higher population growth during the same period.
GRAPHIC Ed Lustan
“Over the same period population went up in almost every case. Moreover, those countries that experienced higher levels of population growth, in fact, saw a bigger drop in their GHI score over this period,” said Hasell.
“The countries that saw high population growth over this period started with higher levels of hunger in 1992,” he said.
“So what we are seeing here is that countries are converging towards lower levels of hunger: it fell quickest in countries with the highest levels of hunger,” he added.
His data included the Philippines, whose population grew between 1992 to 2015 by 56.31 percent, while its GHI fell by 10.50 from 30.50 in 1992 to 20.00 in 2017.
Applying Hasell’s method, the currently available data were consistent with earlier findings. From May 2000 to May 2020, the country’s estimated population grew by 44.75 percent. On the other hand, its GHI score dropped by 10.50.
“So whilst countries that experience hunger do tend to have high levels of population growth, the idea that population growth necessarily leads to increased hunger is clearly mistaken: many countries with high population growth have recently managed to decrease levels of hunger substantially,” Hasell wrote.
It should be noted, however, that the GHI data excluded some very food-insecure countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, and Somalia—which have also seen high levels of population growth in the past 25 years.
“This should be borne in mind when interpreting the following results,” Hasell said.
Population growth and famine
Global population growth has exacerbated many environmental pressures, including climate change—which, in turn, threatens the world’s food security.
“However, this represents only one aspect of the complex explanation of why so many people suffer and die from undernourishment today, despite their being adequate food available for consumption globally,” Hasell argued.
According to him, the Malthusian explanations of the relationship between population growth and hunger fell short for the following reasons:
- as populations have grown, the per capita food supply has increased—“largely due to increasing yields;”
- famine deaths decreased as the population continued to grow
- food scarcity has played a smaller role in famines
- the Malthusian narrative ignores other factors such as conflict, poverty, access to markets, healthcare systems, and political institutions
- while population growth is high in countries where hunger is also high, it does not mean that population growth makes hunger inevitable—data showed that hunger has fallen fastest in countries with high population growth.
“If we want to put an end to hunger, we need to understand the diverse causes that bring it about. Oversimplifications that mistakenly see hunger and famine as an inevitable consequence of population growth do not contribute to this end,” he concluded.
Enough food for everyone
Based on the 2022 iteration of The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World report, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) found that there were 828 million “empty plates” worldwide in 2021. This represented around 828 million people who were stricken by hunger last year.
FAO defined hunger as an “uncomfortable or painful physical sensation caused by insufficient consumption of dietary energy.”
In the report, FAO used the term hunger as synonymous with chronic undernourishment and is measured by the prevalence of undernourishment (PoU).
“Projections are that nearly 670 million people will still be facing hunger in 2030–8 percent of the world population, which is the same as in 2015 when the 2030 Agenda was launched,” it added.
By the year 2030, hunger will be experienced by 55.9 million people in Latin America and the Caribbean, 294.5 million in Asia, and 310.7 million in Africa.
READ: World Food Day 2022: Rising costs keep millions in PH away from healthy diets
Continued population growth will significantly increase food demand in 2050, however, according to Cheryl Sawyer, senior population affairs officer of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
“Population growth is certainly an important driver of increased food demand, but its impact is amplified by the changes in the types and quantities of food we consume,” Sawyer said last year.
UNEP, however, clarified that there is enough food for everyone.
Despite the stagnated progress in reducing hunger in the past few years, evidence showed that the problem the world faces today is not lack of food. Rather, it is a problem of efficacy.
“Conventional wisdom has centered on quantity as the solution to hunger. It assumed that more food would mean less hunger, and more wealth would mean better health because higher incomes enable people to buy more food,” UNEP explained.
“But long-term trends reveal an equation that is not so straightforward,” it added.
The UN agency noted that since 2015, hunger in countries across the globe began to rise again—along with malnutrition and obesity as a growing concern and “double burden” in many countries.
“The current food systems are failing people and the planet in myriad ways. After more than a decade of steady decline, the number of undernourished people in the world increased to almost 690 million, or 8.9 percent of the global population, in 2019,” said Sawyer.
“Moreover, seven percent of children under five suffer from acute malnutrition, while nearly 40 percent of adults are overweight. More than 3 billion people cannot afford a healthy diet. Unhealthy diets are now responsible for more adult deaths and disability worldwide than tobacco use,” she added.