The Marcos camp has been consistent with its claim that Ferdinand Marcos Jr, son of the late dictator Ferdinand Marcos, was an Oxford “graduate” since he matriculated in one of the world’s oldest and most prestigious universities in 1975.
But being issued a certificate or, as Marcos Jr. claims, a diploma does not mean one is a graduate or has finished a BA degree. Marcos followers and PR team even compared him to famous dropouts like Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg. But these personalities were ordinary students during their time, unlike Marcos Jr.
Although there were Filipino graduates from the University of Oxford, many of them are under scholarship grants. In 2021, tuition for Oxford costs 9,000 pounds ($11,700) for a year for UK nationals while international students pay tuition ranging from 15,295 pounds ($19,860) to 22,515 pounds ($29,230) excluding board and lodging.
On Facebook, which has become notorious for falsehoods, people are debating the authenticity of the special diploma that Marcos Jr. presented.
Among those who doubted the signatures on the supposed diploma presented by Marcos Jr. was Ruston Banal, an image analysis expert working with International Photography Awards (IPA), a New York-based organization.
Banal’s organization verifies the authenticity of thousands of images being submitted to photography competitions.
“I had doubts. So, I sent messages to the signatories of the special diploma, to know if they are real persons”, Banal said in a phone interview.
Special Diploma is not a degree
Last Oct. 24, Banal received an email from Professor Ewan McKendrick. In the e-mail, Prof. McKendrick wrote that: “I have now retired from the University of Oxford and so am no longer in a position to be able to help you with your inquiry.”
Photo courtesy of Ruston Banal
Prof. McKendrick signed as Emeritus Professor of English Private Law, University of Oxford.
Banal also sent an e-mail to a certain Jeremy Drew, one of the signatories in Marcos Jr’s special diploma but it bounced back. He also sent e-mails to Professors Gill Aitken, the registrar who replaced Professor McKendrick. He also sent an e-mail to Demie Claypole, the current manager of degree conferral at Oxford who replaced Jeremy Drew.
After streams of e-mails, Banal finally received confirmation from Cathy King, the private secretary to the registrar of the University of Oxford.
“We can confirm that a Ferdinand Marcos matriculated at the University of Oxford in 1975 to read for a BA in Philosophy, Philosophy and Economics,” King wrote. “According to our records, he did not complete his degree but was awarded a special diploma in social studies in 1978.”
“The special diploma, which the university no longer offers, was open to both undergraduates and graduates,” wrote King. “Non-university members could also read for it under certain circumstances. There is no recorded link between the BA and the special diploma and the special diploma was not a full graduate diploma.”
Declassified files sent to the late dictator also showed that his son failed miserably at Oxford.
Marcos Jr. did not pass preliminary exams in his first year of study. A letter dated Nov. 10, 1975 to Fr. Dominic of St. Edmund Hall by Fr. Gainsford, the headmaster, said “he (Marcos Jr.) did not come up to scratch in his A-level mathematics.” It meant he failed twice and got Ds. These files are available at Kasarinlan, Philippine Journal of Third World Studies (https://www.journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/kasarinlan/article/view/5899).
What then is a special diploma?
In another e-mail forwarded to Inquirer.net by the Information Compliance Team (ICT), Assurance Directorate University of Oxford, the special diploma was defined as something available to undergraduates and graduates.
Non-university members could also get it under certain circumstances. The ICT also affirmed that there was “no recorded link between the BA and the special diploma and the special diploma was not a full graduate diploma.”
A special diploma is comparable to any online course available on the internet.
“If you finish a certain online course offering, it does not mean you are not automatically a graduate, for example, of MIT. It was just like a workshop. Non-credit units,” Banal explained.