FILE Photo: Crowds gather at a vaccination site in Antipolo City. INQUIRER/GRIG C. MONTEGRANDE
MANILA, Philippines—The spread of Delta, a variant of SARS Cov2, is now considered a “pandemic of the unvaccinated,” making vaccination a more urgent measure to fight COVID-19 even if rare infections emerge among those already fully vaccinated.
The scientific community agrees that vaccines are highly effective at preventing COVID-19, the disease, although these interventions are not completely effective at preventing SARS Cov2, the virus that causes the disease and its mutations.
Viruses are technically non-living organisms that require living hosts to reproduce, according to multiple scientific studies. In the case of SARS Cov2, the main hosts are humans.
A new term has been coined for infections among people who have already received one or two doses of vaccines – breakthrough.
In the Philippines, health authorities had announced that breakthrough infections represented only 0.0013 percent of 9.1 million fully vaccinated individuals or those who had already completed two-dose regimens.
Graphic by Ed Lustan
READ: FDA: Only 735 out of 11.7 million vaccinees contract COVID-19
Global studies on vaccine efficacies and the chance of breakthrough infections emerging among fully vaccinated patients present an infinitesimal number. However, the report indicated that the vaccination program had higher success levels than countries with much larger vaccine supplies and injection rates.
Breakthrough infections are not impossible but are rare and do not mirror vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19, which is caused by SARS Cov2 and its variants, according to international experts.
Context
“Anecdotal and news reports can make it feel like breakthrough infections are happening everywhere we look,” said a report on the website of MITMedical, a century-old institution providing medical care and training to the MIT community.
“But we need to view those numbers in light of the total number of vaccinated people,” it said.
The MITMedical report cited data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) showing an estimated 35,000 breakthrough infections per week in the US, which would appear to be a large number. But taken alongside the total number of vaccinated people—164 million in the US by the time of the MITMedical report—the 35,000 breakthrough infections represented only 0.02 percent of the fully vaccinated.
“Breakthrough infections are expected,” said MITMedical. “No vaccine is perfect but it’s useful to consider just how good these vaccines are,” it said.
“Breakthrough illnesses are no fun but a breakthrough infection is unlikely to land you in the hospital—or worse,” said the report on the MITMedical website.
In a report last July, the CDC stated that out of 164 million fully vaccinated Americans, only 6,587 people got sick with breakthrough infections serious enough to require hospitalization. This was just a rate of about 0.003 percent, the MITMedical report said.
In the US, at least 1,263 out of 164 million fully vaccinated people had died because of breakthrough infections, or a rate of just 0.0008 percent, according to the MITMedical report.
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEMJ), in an August 2021 report on its website, said breakthrough infections are to be expected.
“Because no vaccine is 100 percent effective, breakthrough infections have been expected from the start of the vaccine rollout,” it said in the report.
Breakthrough infections
Citing data from clinical trials of different vaccines, the NEMJ report said 0.04 percent who had been given Pfizer vaccine was still infected. At least 0.07 percent given Moderna vaccine got infected while 0.59 percent given the one-shot Johnson and Johnson vaccine got infected.
The website LiveScience, which keeps track of pandemic developments worldwide, said that more than 299,000 residents had already been fully vaccinated in Washington DC alone as of Aug. 1, 2021.
At least 151,000 DC residents got Pfizer, 124,700 got Moderna and 24,000 got Johnson and Johnson.
“In this population, the highest rate of breakthroughs was seen in those who got the Johnson and Johnson shot—77 people or 0.32 percent of 24,000 recipients,” LiveScience said.
The second highest breakthrough infection rate, LiveScience said, was among those who got Pfizer—308 or 0.2 percent. At least 162 Moderna recipients, or 0.13 percent, still got infected.
Citing a report by the Oklahoma State Department of Health, LiveScience said in its report that as of Aug. 2, more than 1.5 million people in the state had already been fully vaccinated.
At least 817,000 got Pfizer, 674,000 got Moderna and 102,000 got Johnson and Johnson, the report said. It said that the breakthrough rate was 0.21 percent or 215 vaccinated individuals among those who got Johnson and Johnson. At least 1,468 Pfizer recipients, or 0.17 percent, got infected still while 831 Moderna recipients, or 0.12 percent, were tested positive for the virus.
Studying the efficacy of vaccines in the Philippines may require taking a look at the brands used in the vaccination program. CoronaVac, a vaccine made by Sinovac, is the most common.
As of July 31, 2021, Statista, a data research group, reported that at least 17 million CoronaVac doses had been delivered to the Philippines. AstraZeneca delivered the next most doses with 6.86 million as of the same date. At least 3.24 million doses of Johnson and Johnson had been delivered followed by 3.04 million doses of Pfizer vaccines. Some 500,000 doses of Moderna had arrived and 350,000 of Sputnik.
Graphic by Ed Lustan
Efficacy range
The efficacy rate of CoronaVac differed according to various reports.
According to a report in Lancet, a leading medical journal, Coronavac “has been shown to be well tolerated with a good safety profile in individuals aged 18 years and older in phase one and two trials.” In phase three trials conducted in Turkey, CoronaVac also had a high efficacy rate.
Phase three trials of CoronaVac yielded efficacy rates of 65 percent to a little over 80 percent on second doses, Lancet said in its report.
“CoronaVac has high efficacy against PCR-confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 with a good safety and tolerability profile,” said the Lancet report. PCR referred to a polymerase chain reaction, a kind of test for coronavirus that is considered the most reliable.
In a separate report, World Health Organization (WHO) said its studies showed that CoronaVac “prevented symptomatic disease in 51 percent of those vaccinated and prevented severe COVID-19 and hospitalization in 100 percent” of adults 18 years or older in clinical trials.
But the same WHO studies, according to a report on the BBC website, said CoronaVac efficacy for adults over the age of 60 “could not be determined” because only a few adults in that age range took part in the trials.
A study published on the NEMJ based on CoronaVac trials made in Chile showed the efficacy of 87.5 percent in preventing hospitalization and 86.3 percent in preventing death.
“However, there is little data about its effectiveness against the Delta variant,” the BBC report said.
The report on MITMedical said vaccines did not immediately need high efficacy rates to get approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA).
“To win approval, a vaccine should be shown to ‘prevent disease or decrease its severity in at least 50 percent of people who are vaccinated,” the report on MITMedical said of the standard set by the USFDA.
Graphic by Ed Lustan
Vaccines save lives
“It might seem like a low bar, but that’s comparable to the annual influenza vaccine, which prevents millions of illnesses and thousands of deaths every year,” said the MITMedical report.
“For example, in 2019, when the flu vaccine had an efficacy value of just 45 percent, the shot is estimated to have prevented 7.52 million illnesses, 3.69 million medical visits, 105,000 hospitalizations, and 6,300 deaths” the report added.
The MITMedical report said the US CDC too broadly defined breakthrough infection to encompass “everyone from completely asymptomatic individuals identified through surveillance testing to people who become severely ill, end up in the hospital, or die.”
“But from the beginning, the COVID vaccine was aimed at preventing illness, not infection,” the report said. “And all available data” show that vaccines are good at illness prevention.
“Vaccinated people are well protected from severe illness,” said the MITMedical report. “As with the annual flu shot, people who become ill with COVID-19 after vaccination generally get a whole lot less sick than they otherwise would have been,” the report said.
“Because the overall efficacy of the COVID vaccines is so much higher than your annual flu shot, they are much more protective against serious illness than your yearly flu shot,” said the MITMedical report. “Even with the Delta variant.”
To highlight the risks of Delta on those who have not been vaccinated yet, the MITMedical report cited the case of the US state of Virginia, which provides separate COVID case totals for vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. “The unvaccinated,” said the report, “constitute more than 98 percent of hospitalizations.”
Different ways to fight COVID
CoronaVac, the vaccine brand most used in the Philippines, works by introducing deactivated particles of SARS Cov2 into the body to generate an immune response without risking serious disease.
According to Yale University, several other vaccine brands work in different ways in a report on its website.
- Pfizer-BioNTech. The Yale report said this is a “messenger RNA or MRNA” vaccine which works by introducing minute piece of genetic code from SARS Cov2 to cells in the body, “essentially giving those cells instructions, or blueprints, for making copies of spike proteins (the crown in SARS Cov2).” This activates an immune response. Efficacy ranges from 91 to 95 percent.
- Moderna. According to the Yale report, this works similarly to Pfizer. “The immune system will then attack the spike protein the next time it sees one” attached to a real SARS Cov2 virus. Efficacy ranges from 90 to 95 percent.
- Johnson and Johnson. Described by the Yale report as a “carrier vaccine.” Scientists likened the process by which the vaccine works to that of the Trojan Horse, which was used by the Greeks to enter and conquer the city of Troy. The Trojan Horse process tricks the immune system into responding and generating protection against SARS Cov2. Efficacy ranges from 76 to 82 percent.
- Novavax. It works by introducing a spike protein from SARS Cov2 but is formulated as a nanoparticle that cannot cause disease. “When the vaccine is injected, this stimulates the immune system to product antibodies and T-cell immune responses,” said the Yale University report. Efficacy ranges from 90 to 93 percent.
- Oxford-AstraZeneca. Considered as the least expensive of all vaccine brands. This works like the Johnson and Johnson vaccine, said Yale. Efficacy ranges from 76 percent for symptomatic disease and 100 percent for severe disease.
Citing a hospital study done in Singapore, the MITMedical report said researchers found that vaccinated individuals carried a smaller viral load than those not vaccinated.
“In other words, even if vaccinated individuals are equally infectious early in the course of a breakthrough infection, it appears that they stop shedding virus at least three days earlier on average,” said the MITMedical report.
MITMedical director Cecilia Stuopis was quoted in the report as saying Delta made it everyone’s responsibility to keep communities safe even if the rate of vaccinations in many places was increasing. “To keep our community safe, we need to be willing to add additional layers of protection for now—masking indoors, distancing and avoiding risky situations,” the report quoted Stuopis as saying.
“The virus isn’t going away and we can’t control how it will evolve, but we can control how we respond and that can change the course of the pandemic,” Stuopis said.